Ketorolac side effects related to COX-1 inhibition most often include:

Ketorolac side effects related to COX-1 inhibition most often include:

• A. Hepatotoxicity
• B. Hypertension
• C. Sedation
• D. Gastric irritation and renal dysfunction

Answer: (D)

COX-1 inhibition lowers protective prostaglandins that safeguard the gastric mucosa and support renal perfusion. Ketorolac, as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, most commonly causes gastric irritation (gastritis, ulcers) and renal dysfunction due to reduced mucosal protection and decreased renal blood flow. These effects are the classic, dose-related adverse events linked to COX-1 inhibition, especially with NSAIDs used for short-term analgesia. Hepatotoxicity is not a hallmark effect of COX-1 inhibition and is relatively uncommon with NSAIDs. Hypertension can occur with NSAIDs because of fluid retention, but it’s not the most characteristic COX-1–related toxicity. Sedation isn’t a typical NSAID adverse effect.

COX-1 inhibition lowers protective prostaglandins that safeguard the gastric mucosa and support renal perfusion. Ketorolac, as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, most commonly causes gastric irritation (gastritis, ulcers) and renal dysfunction due to reduced mucosal protection and decreased renal blood flow. These effects are the classic, dose-related adverse events linked to COX-1 inhibition, especially with NSAIDs used for short-term analgesia.

Hepatotoxicity is not a hallmark effect of COX-1 inhibition and is relatively uncommon with NSAIDs. Hypertension can occur with NSAIDs because of fluid retention, but it’s not the most characteristic COX-1–related toxicity. Sedation isn’t a typical NSAID adverse effect.